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আনলাইন কৃষি উপকরণ বাঁজার

আনলাইন কৃষি উপকরণ বাঁজার
Largest Agro inputs Marketplace in Bangladesh

SEED VIGOR

SIGNIFICATION OF SEED VIGOR OF PRODUCTION

1. Weak seed produce weak seedling where as a vigorous seed produce stout seedling.

2. A large and heavier seed produce healthy seedling which can give more yield than smaller and lighter seed.

3. Vigorous seeds on swingman with stand an unfavorable condition of environment where as a no vigorous seed can not with stand.

4. Vigorous seed can give high seed germination.

5. Vigorous seed give or introduce uniform growth of seedling which helps harvesting after ripening.

6. Lees vigorous can increase the field duration of crop.

7. Vigorous plant seeds can scads the weed competition.

FACTOR AFFECTING SEED VIGOR

GENETIC CONSTITUTION OF SEED:

If vigor plants are can produce the vigorous seed.

A vigorous seed:

If the seed is genetically resistant into disease and pest it will produce a vigorous plant get ultimately vigorous seed.

Q;

A VIGOR SEED MUST BE VIABLE BUT A WALK SEED MAY NOT VIGOROUS

ENVIRONMENT DURING SEED DEVELOPMENT:

If the soil moisture is limitingin land the plant will p[roduce small amount of seed.in an experiment it is very much important that “ N2 Fertilizer applied in wheet produce it high more seeds will give high protein contented seed.

SEED STORAGE ENVIRONMENT:

Rarely on seldom are seed harvested are immidiaatly planted without any resting period,time of seed storage type of seed storage seed storage environment.

SEED DORMENCY

DEFINITION OF SEED DORMANCY:

Inability of a viable seed ton germinate under favorable condition . the seed both are shows dormant character .the period form maturity to germination is known as dormant period .

In field crops dormancy varies from two to three months. In Indian lotus varies upto 400 years in Rasian pig varies upto 50 years.

Genetic:

The science which deals heredity of variation is called genetic.

STRESS:

Contraining influence by the environmental factor where by the effect is negative or harmful.

QUIESCENCE:

THE RESTINCT PERIOD OF SEED DUE TO PRESENCE OF GERMINATION CONDITION.

HARD SEED:

IF SEED EXIBITIES IN PERMEABILITY OF WATER THEN SEEDS ARE CALLED HARD SEED.

Aadvantage of dormancy:

1. Genetically inheridity goes on offspring due to presence of seed dormancy.

2. Due to presence of seed dormancy in rice, what we can use as food.

3. Due to presence of seed dormancy plant can escape different stress codition.

4. If dormancy not present in seed we can not store the food materials.

5. Due to presence of weed seeddormancy we can controlweed easily.

DISADVANTATAGE:

1. Long time require for breaking seed dormancy.

2. If we sow dormant seed in field it takes long time for seed germination ultimately p[production daily.

3. Due to presence of dormancy planting schedule may change which ultimately reduce crop production.

4. Due to presence of weed seed dormancy weed can persists for long time.

TYPE OF DORMANCY:

1. PRIMARY DORMANCY:

It can be discuss in two form.

(a) Exogenous dormancy.

(b) Endogenous dormancy.

EXOGENOUS DORMANCY:

It is the condition of dormancy in which germination condition is not available and for this it has to germinate.

FACTOR AFFECTING EXOGENOUS DORMANCY:

1. WARET:

In permeability of water due to presence of thick seed code.

2. GASES:

Nuclear membrane of cucumber and endocarp or copy seed entry of gasses within the and seed shows dormancy.

3. MECHANICAL RESTRICTION:

If the growth of embryo is slow and don`t rupture of seed code.

METHODS OF BREAKING EXOGENOUS DORMANCY:

ENT 211-Basic entomology.

ENTOMOLOGY

DATE: O2-07-08

MD. Asaduzzaman

Lecturer

Department of Entomology

COURSE TITTLE: Basic entomology.

COURSE CODE: ENT-211

ENTOMOLOGY:

Entomology comes from two Greek words. ENTOM-Insect, LOGOS-Knowledge.

Knowledge about insect.

DEFINITION:

Entomology is the scientific study of insects and their relatives (mite)

OR

Entomology is the branch of science (zoology) which deals with insect’s habit, habitat morphology, physiology, biology, nature of damage, appropriate control measures etc.

INSECT:

Insect is an invertebrate animal under the class insecta / hexapoda which bears three pairs of thoracic legs.

Insecta-segmented body.

Hexa-6

Poda-legs.

BODY:

Body divided into three regions.

(1) Head.

(2) Thorax.

(3) Abdomen.

MITE:

Mite is an microscopic living organism which bears 4 pairs of legs and body divided into two regions –Chephalothorax and abdomen.

Head +thorax-cephalothorax.

DEFFERENCE BETWEEN INSECT AND MITE:

INSECT MITE

(1)Insect’s has three pairs of legs (1) Mites has 4 pairs of legs.

(2)Body divided into three regions: (2) Body divided into two regions:

Head, Thorax, and Abdomen. Cephalothorax and abdomen.

(3)Not microscopic. (3)Microscopic.

(4)Insect under the class insecta. (4)Mite under the class arachida.

(5) e.g. Cockroach, Ant. (5) e.g. Red mite, White mite.

WHY WE READ ENT?

IMPORTANCE OF ENT.

(1) Production of HRT and AGR.

(2) Protection of PLP and ENT.

(3) Generating of GPD and Biotechnology,

BENIFICIAL SIDE:

(1) 9 Lake insects’ species has been identified.

(2) Pollination, Monocots, Dioeciously.

(3) Used as food for 500 species.

(a) Egg, Honeypot ant

(b) Bogong muth.

(c) Grasshopper.

(d) Cricket.

Used as fish food.

(4) It improve the physical condition of soil.

(5) Insect used as decomposition.

(6) Used as medicinal purpose.

(7) Used as beautification.

(8) Insect used as scientific researches.

(9) Drosophila insect used as researches.

HURMFUL SIDE:

(1) In Bangladesh 20-40% field crop and 10- 20 % stored grain damaged by insect. Every crop are attacked by insect.

(2) Factor of virus.

(3) Valuable product (book, cloth, wooden furniture) are damage by insect.

(4) Man and domestic animal (directly) (Morse fly, mosquito, bed bug).

(5) Sting ((bee, ant).

(6) Bad order (rice burg).

(7) Blister (rice burg).

Date: 05-07-08.

Lecture-02.

CHARACTERS AND CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTA

CHARACTERS OF INSECTA

(1) Body divided into three regions: Head, Thorax, Abdomen.

(2) The interior port ion is the head consist of 6 fused segment with a pairs of compound eye, a pair of antenna, and a mouth parts.

(3) The second region is the thorax consist of 3 free segments, each segment bears a three pair of leg and last two segment bear two pair of wings.

(4) The posterior portion is the abdomen consists of 11 segments. The 8th, 9th, and 10th segments bear appendages usually modified for mating or egg laying purposes.

(5) Respiration is occurred by trachea, integument gills etc.

(6) Excretion is done by malpighial tubules.

(7) Sexes are separate.

(8) Development is direct often more complicated by metamorphosis.

CLASSIFICATION:

RECHARD AND DEVIS-29 order.

Biology of insect : S.C. Saxena.

CLASS – Insecta.

SUB CLASS – (1) Apterygota. Wingless insect.

(2) Ptenygota. Winged insect.

A=no pteron=wing.

APTENYGOTA:

(a) Wingless insect.

(b) Metamorphosis slight or absent.

(c) Adults with one or more preginital abdominal appendages.

(d) Adult mandible articulate with head.

ORDER:

(1) Thysanuna e.g. Silver fish.

(2) Diplura e.g. Japygids.

(3) Protura e.g.Protaturans.

(4) Collembolan e.g. Springtails.

PTENYGOTA:

(1) Winged insect.

(2) Metamorphosis incomplete or complete.

(3) Adult without pregenital abdominal appendages.

(4) Adult mandibles- Articulate with the head at two points.

DIVISSIONS: 02

(1) Exopterygota. (2) Endopterygota.

Exopterygota endopterygota

(1) Wings develop externally. (1) Wings develop internally.

(2) Metamorphosis incomplete. (2) Metamorphosis complete.

(3) Immature stages are nymph (3) Yong stage are called harvae

Which is resemble to adult with defferent from adult`s

In structure and habit. In structure and habit.

(4) Pupal instar absent. (4) Pupal instar present.

(5) Exopterygota has 16 orders. (5)Endopterygota has 9 orders.

ORDER OF EXOPTERYGOTA

(1) Ephemeroptera e.g. May flies.

(2) Odonata e.g. Dragon fly.

(3) Plecoptera e.g. Stone flies.

(4) Grylloblatodea e.g. Grylloblatodea.

(5) Orthoptera e.g. Grasshopper.

(6) Phasmida e.g. Stick insect.

(7) Dermaptera e.g. Erswigs.

(8) Embioptera e.g. Embiids.

(9) Dicyoptera e.g. cockroach.

(10) Isoptera e.g. Termites.

(11) Zoraptera e.g. zorapterans.

(12) Psocoptera e.g. Book lice.

(13) Mallophaga e.g. Bird lice.

(14) Anoplura e.g. Head lice

(15) Hemiptera e.g. All bugs.

(16) Thysanoptera e.g. Thrips.

OREDR OF ENDOPTERA

(1) Neuroptera e.g. Lace wing.

(2) Mecoptera e.g. Scorpion flies.

(3) Lepidoptera e.g. Butterfly and moth.

(4) Trichoptera e.g. Caddish fly.

(5) Diptera e.g. Flies and masquitues.

(6) Siphonaptena e.g. fleas.

(7) Hymenoptera e.g. Ants, Bees.

(8) Coloeptena e.g. Beetles and Weevils.

(9) Strepsiptera e.g. Stylopids.

CHARACTERS AND CLASSIFICATION OF ARACHRIDA AND CRUSTACEA

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARACHRIDA:

(1) They are mostly terrestrial but few are aquatic.

(2) Body divided into prosoma (cphaiothorax), mesoma (abdomen) and metasoma (tail)

(3) They have four pair of legs.

(4) Antennae absent.

(5) Excretion is done by malpighian tubules.

E.g. Spider, Mite,Tics.

CLASSIFICATION:

(1) Scorpionida e.g. Scorpions

(2) Pseudoscorpionida. e.g.Pseudoscorpions.

(3) Philangida e.g. Haarvestmen.

(4) Acarilna e.g. Mites.

(5) Thelyphonida e.g. whip scorpion.

(6) Schizomida e.g. Shorttclledwhip scorpion.

(7) Amblypygida e.g. Tailless whip scorpion.

(8) Palpignada e.g. Micro tailed whip scorpion.

(9) Ricinuleida e.g. ricinuleids.

(10) Solpugida e.g. Sun scorpion.

(11) Araneida e.g. Spider.

CHARACTERISTIC OF CRUSTACEA:

(1) They are aquatic.

(2) Body divided into two regions: Cephaiothorax and Abdomen.

(3) Cephalotharax is covered by a hard structure called carapage. E.g. Shrimp.

(4) They have 5 pairs of legs.

(5) They have two pair of antenna and usually biramous.

(6) Genital opening present at the 5th pair of legs.

E.g. Shrimp, lobe star.

ORDER:

(1) Isopoda e.g. water scud.

(2) Decapoda e.g. Sow bugs.

(3) Stomatopoda e.g. Stomatopods.

(4) Amphipoda e.g. Shrimps.

DATE: 12-07-08

Lecture-3

GENERAL ORGANISATION OF AN INSECT:

Insect body divided into three distinct regions:

HEAD:

Head consist of a pair of compound eye, pair of antenna and a mouth parts.

THORAX:

Thorax consists of three segments: Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax.

Each thoracic segment bears one pair of legs and last two segments bear two pair of wings.

NOTUM:

DORSAL SURFACE OF THE THORAX IS CALLED NOTUM.

STERNUM:

Ventral surface of the thorax is called sternum.

PRONOTUM:

Dorsal surface of the thorax is called pronotum.

MESONOTUM:

Dorsal surface of the mesothorax is called mesonotum.

METANOTUM:

Dorsal surface of the metathorax is calledmetanotum.

Prothorax is always wingless.

PLENON:

Lateral side of the insect body.

ABDOMEN:

TERGUM:

Dorsal surface of the abdomen is called tergum.

STENUM:

Ventral surface of the abdomen Is called sternum.

SPIRACLE:

External opening of the tracheal system.

No, of spiracle in a typical insect -8 pairs.

OVIPOSITOR:

It is a egg laying organ.

Cr= Cercus (cercil-pl): Last pair of abdominal appendages is called cerci.

EPT= epiproct : A small dorsal plate above the anus is called epitroct.

PPT (Paraproct): A small ventral plate below the anus.

Date :19-07-08

Lecture :04

ANTENA

DEFINITION:

Insect antennae are a pair of movoble, highly senitive, segmented appendeges =wings which arise from infront of the head in between two eyes or the base of the mandibles. Insect antenna are of series of segments and sensory in function.

CHARACTERS:

-Mvable

-Highly sensitive

-Segmented

-Variable in size

-Sensory in function

FUNCTION:

(1) To feel their way.

(2) To detect danger.

(3) To locate their food

(4) Find their mates

(5) Communicate with other of their won

STRUCTURE:

An insect antenna consist of three parts:

(1) Scape

(2) Pedical

(3) Flagellum

SCAPE:

It is the first segments of the insect antenna, comperatively larger in size. It come it`s with the head.

PADICEL:

It is the second segment of a antenna, smoll in size. A sense organ present here called Jhonston`sorgan

FLAGELLUM:

It is the 3rd part of the insect antenna. It composed of series of sub- segments.

TYPE OF ANTENNA :

There are many types of antenna.

(1) Filiform e.g. Grasshopper.

(2) Moniliform e.g. Termites.

(3) Serrate e.g.Click beetle.

(4) Capitate e.g. Scavanger.

(5) Clavate e.g.Butterfly.

(6) Aristate e.g. Housefly.

(7) Stylate e.g. Horse fly.

(8) Plumuse e.g Male mosquito.

(9) Plilose e.g. Female mosquito.

(10) Pectinate e.g. Moths

(11) Bypectinate e.g. Moths.

(12)Geniculate e.g. Honet bee.

(13)Setaceous e.g. Dragon fly. (14)Lemellate e.g. Scrabid beetle, Dung beetle.

(15)Flabellate e.g. Cedar beetle.

FILIFORM:

(1) Thread like antenna.

(2) All segment are about same thickness.

(3) Having no constriction between two segments.

MONILIFORM:

(1) Bead like antenna.

(2) Segment are globular type .

(3) Having prominent contriction between two segment.

SERRATE:

(1) Saw like antenna .

(2) There are triangular projection in each segments.

CAPITATE:

(1) Having a cap at the tip.

(2) All the segments are abroughly enlarged.

CLAVATE :

(1) Segment are gradually enlarged.

(2) Last segment is club shaped.

ARISTATE:

(1) Segments are gradually enlareged.

(2)Last segments bears a conspicuous arista.

(3)Arista may be hairy or naked.

STYLATE:

(1) Last segment are modified into style or finger like structure.

PLUMOSE:

(1) Segments are feathry.

(2) Hairs are densely arranged.

PILOSE:
(1) Segment are comperatively larger than plumose.

(2) Hairs are not densely arranged.

PECTINATE:

(1) Comb like structure present at the one side of the antenna.

(2) All the segments are lateraily narrow.

BYPECTINATE:

(1) Comb like structure present at the both side of the antenna.

(2) Aii the segments are laterally narrow.

GENECULATE:

(1) Scape is long and another segment are smoll which make a angle with the first segment.

(2) Emblow shaped antenna.

SETACEOUS:

(1) Seta like antenna.

(2) Last segment is tapering to the end.

LEMELLATE:

Terminal segment are expanded laterally to form a leaf like structure.

FLABELLATE:

TERMINAL SEGMENT ARE EXPANDED LATERALLY TO FORM A TAR QUE LIKE STRUCTURE.

WING

DEFINITION OF WING :

Wing is a expension of the body wall and it contains the same elements of the wall namely cuticulin, epidermis, basement membrane and the lumen contain nervous, thrachea and blood. Insect wing is a membranous appendages originated from mesothrax and metothorax. The prothrax is always winglss.

FUNCTION:

(1) Helps in flying .

(2) To flee away quicckly from enemies and danger.

(3) Helps in mating.

(4) Helps to make their nest.

(5) To protect body wall.

STRUCTURE 0F A TYPICAL WING:

It consist two type of vein.

(1) Longitudinal vein.

(2) Cross vein.

LONGITUDINAL VEIN :

It consist with the following parts.

(1) Costa(C).

(2) Sub costa(Sc)

(3) Radius(R).

(4) Radius sector(Rs)

(5) Mediam (M)

(6) Cubitus(Cu)

(7) Anal vein(A)

COSTA:

IT IS THE OUTER MARGIN OF THE INSECT WING.IT IS UNBRANCHED.

SUB-COSTA:

It remain just bellow the costa. It is devided into short branches(Sc1 and Sc2)

RADIUS:

It remain bellow the sub-costa. It is divided intotwo main branches(R1 and Rs)

RADIUS SECTOR:

It is divided into four branches(R1, R2, R3, R and R4)

Median:

Median divided into four short branches(M1, M2, M3 and m4)

Cubitus:

It is divided into two short branches (Cu1 and Cu2). Cu1 again divided into 2 branches{Cu1(a) and Cu1(b)}.

Anal vein:

It is unbranched. The number anal vein is 3- First anal, Second anal and Third anal.

CROSS VEIN:

The number cross vein is 7.

NAME OF THE VEIN VEIN CONNECTED ABBREVIATION

WINGS MODIFICATION:

It is 5 types

1.Tegmina

2. Hemelytra

3. Elytra

4. Haltera

5. Hooklet

TEGMINA:

Fore weings are modified into harden, leathery consistancy. The harden structure is called tegmina, Hind pairs of wings are normal membraneous. eg. Insect under the order Orthoptera, Dermaptera and Dyctyoptera.